Private Equity - Arendt & Medernach

Private Equity

Published on 9 Mar 2009

Arendt & Medernach

Directriz de Revisão / Auditoria 841

1. As entradas para o capital das sociedades, quer aquando da constituição quer em futuros aumentos, podem ser realizadas por duas formas: ou em dinheiro ou em bens diferentes de dinheiro (entradas em espécie).

2. Quanto às entradas em dinheiro estas podem:

- ter por objectivo a realização de capital, mediante entregas antecipadas, imediatas ou diferidas;
- ter tido inicialmente objectivo diferente, designadamente prestação suplementar ou acessória, empréstimo, suprimento, adiantamento, abono, avanço, etc., sendo posteriormente utilizadas para a realização de capital.

3. A expressão "entradas em espécie" tem um âmbito bastante lato abrangendo:

- terrenos, edifícios, equipamentos fabris, mobiliário, viaturas e outro material de transporte,
mercadorias, matérias primas, produtos, etc.;
- direitos de crédito, títulos e partes sociais, etc.;
- marcas, patentes, alvarás, direitos de propriedade e de arrendamento, e até mesmo o
trespasse (ver Directriz Contabilística n.º 12 - Conceito Contabilístico de trespasse);
e/ou
- outros activos ou conjuntos de activos e passivos (quando a diferença for positiva).

(...)

Não se está em presença de uma efectiva entrada em espécie, quando se pretende realizar capital com créditos provenientes de entradas em dinheiro que inicialmente tenham tido, ou não, objectivo diferente. Esta situação não está abrangida pelo art.º 28.º do CSC, mas no entanto, e se for solicitado, poderá ser elaborada declaração comprovativa (ver modelo 3). Tal declaração será elaborada pelo próprio revisor responsável pelo exame e certificação legal das contas, não carecendo de verificação especial, uma vez que se insere no âmbito normal do seu trabalho.
Quando a sociedade não estiver sujeita a revisão legal das contas, o revisor designado limitar-se-á a verificar os movimentos financeiros subjacentes e a elaborar aquela declaração.

Face ao exposto, na conversão de suprimentos, prestações acessórias ou suplementares em capital social, não deverá haver lugar à incidência de imposto do selo, em razão da natureza em causa da operação ser diferente duma entrada em espécie, não se aplicando nessa medida, a rubrica 26.3 da Tabela Geral do CIS. Todavia, esta questão ainda não é pacífica, faltando notoriamente um ruling da A.F..

Tax Competition in Switzerland

Tax Competition in Switzerland

OCDE - Fiscal Network
Expert Meeting 2008 in Vienna

Dr. Roland Fischer
Head of Government Finance Statistics
Swiss Federal Finance Administration

Diário da República - Novidades Fiscais

Lei n.º 94/2009. D.R. n.º 169, Série I de 2009-09-01
Assembleia da República

Aprova medidas de derrogação do sigilo bancário, bem como a tributação a uma taxa especial dos acréscimos patrimoniais injustificados superiores a (euro) 100 000, procedendo a alteração ao Código do Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 442-A/88, de 30 de Novembro, à décima nona alteração à Lei Geral Tributária, aprovada pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 398/98, de 17 de Dezembro, e à décima sexta alteração ao Regime Geral das Instituições de Crédito e Sociedades Financeiras, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 298/92, de 31 de Dezembro.

Diário da República - Novidades Fiscais

Lei n.º 91/2009. D.R. n.º 168, Série I de 2009-08-31
Assembleia da República

Procede à primeira alteração à Lei n.º 16/2001, de 22 de Junho, alargando a possibilidade de benefício da consignação de 0,5 % do imposto sobre o rendimento das pessoas singulares por igrejas e comunidades religiosas e por instituições particulares de solidariedade social.

Portaria n.º 972/2009. D.R. n.º 168, Série I de 2009-08-31
Ministério das Finanças e da Administração Pública

Regulamenta o novo regime jurídico das informações vinculativas.

Imposto do Selo - Crédito ao Consumo

Imposto do Selo - Crédito ao Consumo

Data: 09/07/2009

Orador: : Dr. João Espanha
Advogado Especialista em Direito Fiscal, Espanha e Associados - Sociedade de Advogados Local: AFP-Secção Regional do Porto

Ver Documentação

Series LLC - Raises Serious State Tax Questions

The few series LLC laws currently in existence generally allow treatment of each series as a separate entity for state law purposes; whether the series will be treated as a separate entity for federal and state tax purposes remains murky.

The list of "limited liability entities"[LLEs] available under state law continues to expand faster than federal and state taxing authorities can issue guidance on how those entities should be treated for various tax purposes. Since the first limited liability company (LLC) statutes were enacted, we have also witnessed the rapid development of other LLEs such as limited liability partnerships and limited liability limited partnerships. While questions still remain about the taxation of these LLEs, a relatively new entity is starting to gain attention-the "series LLC."

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The Series LLC - Raises Serious State Tax Questions but Few Answers Are Yet Available

By: Michael W. McLoughlin
Morrison & Foerster LLP
New York, New York

Switzerland and Qatar initial double taxation agreement

Switzerland and Qatar have concluded negotiations on a double taxation agreement (DTA). The initialled agreement also comprises an article on administrative assistance in accordance with Art. 26 of the OECD Model Convention. The DTA contains solutions which are favourable for developing bilateral economic relations.

Federal Department of Finance

Severance payments made to management

A proposal for a new tax regime applicable to severance payments made to management and supervisory board members resident for tax purposes in Portugal has been submitted for approval of the Parliament.

We highlight the following aspects of that proposal:

• Payments made as a result of cessation of functions or termination of the labour contract before it expires will be fully subject to income tax.
• Autonomous corporate income tax, at the rate of 35%, will be due on the referred severance payments, unless they result from productivity goals established in a previous agreement.

In addition, a payment due for cessation of employment by mutual agreement may become subject to Social Security contributions if the individual is entitled to the state unemployment subsidy.

New guidelines for repo transactions and securities lending

The Austrian ministry of finance has recently issued new guidelines on the tax treatment of securities lending and repo transactions.

Traditional tax treatment
According to the traditional Austrian tax administration practice, the sale of securities by a repo seller results in the transfer of economic ownership in the securities from the repo seller to the repo buyer, also where the parties have agreed upon a true repurchase agreement. Consequently, the repo buyer is considered the economic owner of the securities and the beneficial owner of the interest or dividends derived there from.

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Relatório de Combate à Fraude e Evasão Fiscais de 2008

O Programa do XVII Governo Constitucional elegeu, entre outros objectivos primordiais, em sede de consolidação orçamental e, de igual modo, no âmbito do fomento de uma maior transparência e justiça fiscais, o reforço da eficácia do combate à fraude e evasão fiscais.
A importância socio-económica do combate à fraude e evasão fiscais manifesta-se pela afirmação clara do empenho demonstrado por parte da acção governativa nos últimos anos nesta sede, como também, pela crescente consciencialização dos cidadãos em geral acerca dos malefícios que advêm da distorção da concorrência, da lesão da equidade e justiça fiscais e, em última análise, da própria delapidação dos recursos públicos, obviando a afectação desses mesmos recursos para a criação de riqueza e de emprego.
Deste modo, por imperativo legal emanado da Lei do Orçamento de Estado para 2009 (Lei n.º 64-A/2008, de 31 de Dezembro), mais precisamente, em cumprimento do disposto no artigo 124.º, procede-se à elaboração do presente relatório sobre a evolução do combate à fraude e evasão fiscais.

(...)

Retroactividade da Norma Fiscal

De harmonia com o critério adoptado pela Comissão Constitucional, o Tribunal Constitucional tem considerado que o legislador não poderá nunca impor "a retroactividade em termos que choquem a consciência jurídica e frustrem as expectativas fundadas dos contribuintes, cuja defesa constitui um dos princípios do Estado de direito social" (formulação do Parecer nº 25/81 da Comissão Constitucional, reproduzida no acórdão nº 409/89, in Acórdãos cit., 13º vol., tomo II, pág. 1176), isto é, a retroactividade não poderá ser qualificada como arbitrária, intolerável, opressiva, ou envolver uma "violação demasiado acentuada" do princípio da confiança do contribuinte. Em contrapartida, "a retroactividade tributária terá o beneplácito constitucional sempre que razões de interesse geral a reclamem e o encargo para o contribuinte se não mostrar desproporcionado - e mais ainda o terá se tal encargo aparecia aos olhos do contribuinte como verosímil ou mesmo como provável" (formulação do Parecer da Comissão Constitucional nº 14/82 referido igualmente no acórdão nº 37/96, publicado no Diário da República, II Série, nº 103, de 3 de Maio de 1996, onde se identificam as decisões anteriores do Tribunal Constitucional; vejam-se ainda os acórdãos nºs. 410/95 e 1006/96, in Diário da República, II Série, nº 265, de 16 de Novembro de 1995 e nº 286, de 11 de Dezembro de 1996, e sobre esta jurisprudência, por último, J. M. Cardoso da Costa, O Enquadramento Constitucional do Direito dos Impostos em Portugal: a Jurisprudência do Tribunal Constitucional, em Perspectivas Constitucionais - Nos 20 Anos da Constituição de 1976, ob., colect., II, Coimbra, 1997, págs. 415 e segs.).

(...)

Foundation for International Taxation

The Foundation for International Taxation (FIT) is a registered charitable trust in India established to promote the knowledge and understanding of international taxation. It was set up in January 2006 by Professor Roy Rohatgi along with a group of leading tax professionals in the country. As from 2006, the well–known annual International Taxation Conference Conference in Mumbai (Bombay), started in 1995, is run by the Foundation. Besides this conference, the Foundation for International Taxation plans to promote the knowledge and study of international and comparative tax laws through research, training, publications and allied activities dealing with international tax issues.

IRC - Juros e Royalties

IRC - Juros e Royalties (Artigo 80º, nº 4, alínea g), Artigo 89º-A, Artigo 90º-A, nºs 2 a 6)

Foi publicada a Circular Nº 5/2009 de 1/04 com o objectivo de proceder à divulgação dos formulários ora aprovados destinados à redução da taxa de retenção na fonte de imposto e ao reembolso parcial de imposto retido na fonte, relativamente a pagamentos de juros e royalties efectuados entre sociedades associadas de diferentes Estados membros da União Europeia (regime previsto na Directiva nº 2003/49/CE, do Conselho, de 03 de Junho, transposta para o direito interno pelo Decreto Lei n.º 34/2005, de 17 de Fevereiro) e, bem assim, ao esclarecimento de dúvidas suscitadas pela respectiva entrada em vigor e ainda ao estabelecimento de regras transitórias na sua aplicação. (...)

Following G20 OECD delivers on tax pledge

Following G20 OECD delivers on tax pledge

02-Apr-2009

Following the G20 meeting and communiqué, the OECD Secretariat has provided a detailed report on progress by financial centres around the world towards implementation of an internationally agreed standard on exchange of information for tax purposes.
Following G20 OECD delivers on tax pledge
02/04/2009 - Following the G20 meeting and communiqué, the OECD Secretariat has provided a detailed report on progress by financial centres around the world towards implementation of an internationally agreed standard on exchange of information for tax purposes. The report available here consists of four parts:
jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard.
tax havens that have committed to the internationally agreed tax standard but have not yet substantially implemented it.
other financial centres that have committed to the internationally agreed tax standard but have not yet substantially implemented it.
jurisdictions that have not committed to implement the internationally agreed tax standard.
Welcoming the outcome of the G20 meeting, OECD Secretary General Angel Gurria said “recent developments reinforce the status of the OECD standard as the international benchmark and represent significant steps towards a level playing field. We now have an ambitious agenda, that the OECD is well placed to deliver on. I am confident that we can turn these new commitments into concrete actions to strengthen the integrity and transparency of the financial system”.
OECD’s Future Challenges:
1. Achieving a rapid and effective implementation of standards: Many of these commitments will require legislative changes and the negotiation of specific bilateral agreements in order to become effective, and the OECD stands ready to assist jurisdictions in their implementation.
2. Speeding up the negotiations of tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs): Small tax havens lack the resources to enter into negotiations with a large number of countries. The OECD’s 2002 Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters sets out an option for multilateral rather than bilateral TIEAs that the OECD intends to explore over the coming weeks. The OECD is also examining how the Nordic experience of multilateral negotiations leading to simultaneous bilateral agreements could be adopted more widely.
3. Extending the scope and role of the OECD’s action: The OECD Global Forum currently encompasses more than 80 jurisdictions and carries out self reviews and peer reviews to assess progress in implementation of the standard.
The time has now come to re-examine the membership, the architecture and the role of the Global Forum in setting standards and evaluating progress. The Global Forum will undertake more robust reviews, to strengthen the implementation of the standard.
Background
The report produced following the G20 meeting, reflects the results of more than a decade of OECD work to bring greater openness and transparency to cross-border financial services.
The internationally agreed standard, developed by OECD and non-OECD countries in the context of the OECD’s Global Forum on Taxation and endorsed by G20 Finance Ministers in 2004 and by the UN Committee of Experts on International Co-operation in Tax Matters in October 2008, requires exchange of information on request in all tax matters for the administration and enforcement of domestic tax law without regard to a domestic tax interest requirement or bank secrecy for tax purposes. It also provides for extensive safeguards to protect the confidentiality of the information exchanged.
The OECD works with its 30 member countries and with others to develop sound policy frameworks for the governance of the world economy. It plays a leading role in such areas as tax policy, competition policy, cross-border investment, corporate governance and the fight against corruption.
The OECD’s work on the issues of transparency and exchange of information in tax matters was given new impetus by the G20 process begun at the November 2008 summit meeting in Washington, D.C.
Further information
A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed can be found here.

Visit the OECD's site on tax evasion - www.oecd.org/tax/evasion

Lei n.º 15/2009. D.R. n.º 64, Série I de 2009-04-01

Lei n.º 15/2009. D.R. n.º 64, Série I de 2009-04-01

Assembleia da República
Aprova o regime especial de exigibilidade do IVA dos serviços de transporte rodoviário nacional de mercadorias

Conferência "Opções Estruturantes para o IRS"

CONFERÊNCIA DA ASSOCIAÇÃO FISCAL PORTUGUESA
SECÇÃO REGIONAL DO PORTO
Caros Associados e Amigos,

A Associação Fiscal Portuguesa tem a honra de os convidar para a conferência mensal da Secção Regional do Porto e que vai ter como Orador Convidado o Senhor Dr. Manuel Faustino, Vice-Presidente da nossa Associação, Técnico Consultor do Banco de Portugal e ex-Director de Serviços do IRS.

O tema desta sessão será o seguinte “OPÇÕES ESTRUTURANTES PARA O IRS”.

A conferência decorrerá no Palacete dos Viscondes de Balsemão, Praça Carlos Alberto, 71, Vitória, Porto, e vai realizar-se no dia 19 de Fevereiro pelas 18 horas.

Será um prazer contar com a sua presença!

Com os melhores cumprimentos,

O Presidente da Associação Fiscal Portuguesa
Dr. Rogério M. Fernandes Ferreira

NOTA: A participação na conferência está sujeita a inscrição prévia para todos os participantes, mediante resposta a este e-mail com preenchimento do boletim abaixo, envio via fax ou, em alternativa, inscrição no site da AFP, em “Eventos e Iniciativas/Calendário”.

Telefones: 213 467 494 / 961 327 671 Fax: 213 224 051
E-mail: afp@afp.pt afiscalp@sapo.pt
www.afp.pt

"Lista negra" da OCDE: os maus da fita são só 3?

Quando, em 2000, arrancou com a publicação de uma lista identificando os paraísos fiscais mais perigosos para o sistema financeiro mundial, a OCDE apontou 35 casos.

Nove anos depois, só lá estão três. O que justifica este emagrecimento? "A pressão política da administração Bush", responde António Carlos Santos, ex-secretário de Estado dos Assuntos Fiscais, que na altura acompanhou algumas reuniões no seio da organização.

Na fase inicial, havia três critérios, cumulativos, para distinguir os "offshores" "maus" (que iam parar à lista negra) dos "bons": taxas de tributação muito baixas ou inexistentes; recusa de troca de informações com outros Estados; e não se exigir que os contribuintes que beneficiam das taxas mais reduzidas tenham uma actividade económica real de produção de lucros (um indício que o território facilita a evasão fiscal, já que aceita que lucros gerados no exterior sejam considerados como tendo sido gerados no seu território).

Com a administração Bush no poder, os republicanos levantaram objecções sobre a alegada rigidez dos critérios, e eles deixaram de ser levados à risca. "Quando o representante dos EUA propôs que se deixasse de exigir aos "offshores" a existência de uma actividade económica real ficou tudo em silêncio.

Era uma machadada no sistema", recorda António Carlos Santos. E como é que um país sozinho pode minar as regras aceites por mais 29 Estados? "A um país como os EUA, basta-lhe dizer que não cumpre", explica.

Source: Jornal de Negócios

UK Taxation of Foreign Profits

On 9 December 2008, the Government published draft legislation on the taxation of foreign profits. This is the latest development in an ongoing consultation which formally started in June 2007 when HM Treasury and HMRC published a joint discussion document entitled the "Taxation of the foreign profits of companies".
Click here for our client briefing note on the proposals outlined in this discussion document. As part of the Pre-Budget Report (PBR) 2008, the Government provided a further outline of its proposals and promised to publish draft legislation shortly thereafter. Click here for our client briefing note on the key points from the PBR announcement.(...)

Clifford Chance

OECD Reports on Portfolio Investments

The OECD has released two reports for consideration dealing with (i) the availability of Treaty benefits to collective investment vehicles (CIVs) and their investors and (ii) portfolio holdings more generally.

The first report, on the “Granting of Treaty Benefits with respect to the Income of Collective Investment Vehicles”, includes a comprehensive set of recommendations with respect to the legal and policy issues relating specifically to CIVs (i.e. the extent to which either the vehicles or their investors are entitled to treaty benefits). The Report analyses the technical questions of whether a CIV should be considered a “person”, a “resident of a Contracting State” and the “beneficial owner” of the income it receives under treaties that, like the OECD Model Convention, do not include a specific provision dealing with CIVs (i.e. the vast majority of existing treaties). Further, the Report includes proposed changes to the Commentary on the Model Convention to reflect the conclusions of the Report.

The second report, on “Possible Improvements to Procedures for Tax Relief for Cross-Border Investors”, discusses the procedural problems in claiming treaty benefits faced by portfolio investors more generally and makes a number of recommendations on “best practices” regarding procedures for making and granting claims for treaty benefits for intermediated structures. The objective of the work on best practices is two-fold: (i) to develop systems that are as efficient as possible, in order to minimise administrative costs and allocate the costs to the appropriate parties; and (ii) to identify solutions that might address the need for tax administrations to ensure proper compliance with tax obligations, from the perspective of both source and residence countries.

ACE - Agrupamentos Complementares de Empresas (IVA)

Os agrupamentos complementares de empresas (ACE's) são entes dotados de personalidade jurídica, distinta da dos seus membros, que não prosseguem, em regra, fins lucrativos, e que, através da prestação de serviços àqueles, visam criar condições ou realizar tarefas directamente relacionadas com a actividade dos seus membros, em ordem a proporcionar-lhes maior produtividade, eficiência ou outras vantagens económicas.
1.2. Tais prestações de serviços poderão beneficiar da isenção da imposto prevista nos n.?s 23 e 23-A do artigo 9.? do Código do IVA (CIVA), desde que se mostrem satisfeitas determinadas condições, a saber:
a) os ACE's sejam constituídos por membros que exerçam actividades isentas e/ou não sujeitas a IVA;
b) as prestações de serviços sejam directamente necessárias ao exercício da actividade dos seus membros;
c) o valor das contraprestações exigida a estes corresponda ao reembolso exacto da parte das despesas que cabem a cada um deles;
d) o beneficio da isenção não origine distorções de concorrência.

(...)

Ofício Circulado 30084/2005, de 2 de Dezembro - DSIVA

Tax Policy Decisions Ahead: President-Elect Obama's Call for Change

On November 4, the nation voted to hand over to President-elect Barack Obama, and a strengthened Democratic Congress, the responsibility for shaping the nation's tax and spending policies. Over the course of the campaign, President-elect Obama proposed tax policies that would provide tax relief to low- and middle-income individual taxpayers and restore the higher Clinton-era tax rates for upper-income taxpayers. On corporate taxes, President-elect Obama has not proposed raising rates, but would increase taxes by eliminating targeted incentives and "loopholes"; however, it is largely unclear exactly what proposals he will offer to accomplish this or what the full cost to corporations would be. That is an item to continue watching in the coming months and years.
As President-elect Obama steps into his new role, the United States faces significant fiscal, budget and economic challenges. These challenges will limit the government's ability to tax and spend. How, when and the extent to which President-elect Obama can pursue his tax program will very much depend on the pace of economic recovery.
In "Tax Policy Decisions Ahead: President-Elect Obama's Call for Change," Deloitte's Tax Policy Group summarizes the broad tax proposals made by President-elect Obama on the campaign trail, and the challenges of moving his agenda through Congress. It then analyzes proposed tax changes more closely and offers insight on how corporate and individual taxpayers can prepare for changes that may come.

Download the full report.

Mexico: SAT Has New Powers to Disregard “Simulated” Transactions

New rules that entered into effect on 1 January 2008 allow the Mexican tax administration (SAT) to disregard certain transactions and assess tax on what the SAT determines to be the “real” transaction, so that such transactions result in the “appropriate” tax effect. According to article 213 of the Mexican Income Tax Law (MITL), the tax authorities may conclude that a particular transaction has been fabricated or “simulated” and tax the operation in accordance with the “real” transaction; the scope of the legislation provides that such a determination may be made during the course of a normal audit, for purposes of the preferential tax regime rules, and to determine Mexican-source income. (...)

OECD says transfer pricing guidelines should be applied to permanent establishments

The OECD's transfer pricing guidelines for application to separate but associated enterprises should apply in the attribution of profits to permanent establishments (PEs), said a report by the organisation.
The report, approved by the OECD Council on July 17, said the profits of a PE should be determined by applying by analogy the OECD's transfer pricing guidelines' arm's-length principle, including its comparability analysis, to dealings between the PE and the rest of the enterprise to which it belongs and by pricing in accordance with the guidelines any transactions with associated enterprises attributed to the PE.
The OECD's committee on fiscal affairs will adopt the report in two stages to provide tax administrations and taxpayers with maximum certainty as to how profits should be attributed to PEs under both existing and future treaties.
The organisation has begun work on a new version of article 7 of its Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital - the principles for attributing profits to a PE - which will reflect the conclusions of the report. The revised article 7 will appear in the next update to the Model Tax Convention and will be used in the negotiation of new treaties and in amendments to existing treaties.

INTERNATIONAL TAX REVIEW

Ac. 57/95 do Tribunal Constitucional

Processo: n.º 405/88. Requerentes: Um Grupo de Deputados e o Provedor de Justiça. Relator: Conselheiro Alves Correia. Acordam, em plenário, no Tribunal Constitucional: I — Relatório 1 — Um grupo de deputados do Partido Comunista Português requereu ao Tribunal Constitucional, ao abrigo do n.º 1 do artigo 281.º da Constituição (versão decorrente da Lei Constitucional n.º 1/82) e do artigo 51.º, n.º 1, da Lei n.º 28/82, de 15 de Novembro, a declaração, com força obrigatória geral, da inconstitucionalidade das normas dos artigos 12.º, alíneas a) e b), 13.º, 11.º, n.os 1 e 2, 6.º, n.º 3, e 14.º, n.º 1, alínea b), da Lei n.º 106/88, de 17 de Setembro — lei que autorizou o Governo a aprovar os diplomas reguladores do Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (IRS) e do Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Colectivas (IRC) e legislação complementar. O pedido alicerça-se nos seguintes fundamentos: (...)

Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations

1. O papel das empresas multinacionais no comércio mundial sofreu ao longo dos últimos vinte anos um desenvolvimento espectacular, que tem a ver, em parte, com a integração cada vez mais estreita das economias nacionais e com o progresso tecnológico, designadamente no domínio das comunicações. O crescimento das empresas multinacionais coloca problemas cada vez mais complexos às Administrações Fiscais e às próprias empresas multinacionais, dado que as normas de tributação destas empresas, que diferem consoante os países, não podem ser consideradas isoladamente, devendo ser analisadas num contexto internacional mais vasto.
2. Estes problemas resultam essencialmente da dificuldade prática que coloca, às empresas multinacionais e às Administrações Fiscais, a determinação das receitas e das despesas de uma sociedade ou de um estabelecimento estável que façam parte de um grupo multinacional, e que deveriam ser tomadas em consideração por uma autoridade fiscal, sobretudo quando se verifique uma forte integração das actividades do grupo multinacional.
3. Na perspectiva das empresas multinacionais, a necessidade de dar cumprimento a obrigações legais e administrativas que podem divergir de um país para outro constitui uma fonte de problemas suplementares. Estas divergências podem traduzir-se para a empresa multinacional numa carga mais gravosa e resultar num custo mais elevado no que concerne ao cumprimento das respectivas obrigações do que para uma empresa similar que opere numa única jurisdição fiscal.

Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations

Princípios aplicáveis em matéria de preços de transferência destinados às empresas multinacionais

VDA - Flash Fiscal

Flash Fiscal - IVA não aceite como custo: Reembolso do IVA ao abrigo da Oitava Directiva
Julho 2008

Global VAT/GST Newsletter - Baker McKenzie

This newsletter provides a quick update into important developments primarily in the field of Global VAT/GST.

Guia de Boas Práticas Fiscais para o Sector da Restauração

O Guia agora disponibilizado resulta da colaboração entre a DGCI e a ARESP e procura destacar os aspectos fiscais mais marcantes na vida de um contribuinte do sector da restauração, constituindo assim, um contributo para um melhor e mais completo esclarecimento dos contribuintes.

EU Direct Tax Newsalerts

The EU direct tax newsalerts are issued on an ad hoc basis to provide our clients and other interested parties with the very latest news on the most important ECJ decisions and national developments in Europe in the field of direct taxation. Each newsalert contains a short background to a particular case and an analysis prepared by members of PricewaterhouseCoopers' EU direct tax group (EUDTG).

Newsalert: 27 June 2008. NA 2008: 016

ECJ decision in the Burda case (C-284/06)

IDEFF - Seminário sobre Direito Fiscal Comunitário

O IDEFF organiza, no próximo dia 12 de Setembro, das 18:00 às 20:00, um Seminário dedicado ao tema “Os conceitos de acesso ao mercado (restrição) vs participação no mercado (discriminação)” pelo Doutor Julian Ghosh (Oxford University).

O seminário insere-se no programa de desenvolvimento de estudos e investigação na área do Direito Fiscal Internacional e Comunitário (Ana Paula Dourado/José Almeida Fernandes), o idioma utilizado será o inglês e é aberto a todo o público interessado na matéria.

Inscrição obrigatória com limite de lugares: EUR 150. Condições especiais para alunos de mestrado (gratuito), pós-graduações (EUR 75) e licenciatura (EUR 50).

Inscrições/Contactem-nos em: ideff@fd.ul.pt

Para quem se inscreva em Agosto a confirmação da inscrição será dada no início de Setembro.

A UK Tax Round-up for the period ending 1 August 2008

Changes to corporation tax rules on late payments of interest between connected parties

HMRC have published a consultation document1 and a Revenue & Customs Brief2 proposing changes to the corporation tax rules on late payment of interest between connected parties. This has come about as a result of challenges to these rules under EU Law. The Brief announces immediate and significant changes to HMRC practice.

Restituição do IVA - 8ª Directiva

Tendo sido suscitadas dúvidas sobre o enquadramento fiscal, em sede de IRC, do IVA suportado em resultado de não ser exercido o direito à sua restituição, conferido pela 8ª Directiva do Conselho (79/1072/CEE), de 6 de Dezembro, esclarece-se o seguinte:
1. Ao abrigo da 8ª Directiva do Conselho os sujeitos passivos de IVA estabelecidos em território português têm direito ao reembolso do IVA suportado em operações efectuadas noutros Estados Membros da União Europeia;
2. Sempre que não seja exercido esse direito, o montante do IVA contabilizado como custo não é dedutível para efeitos de determinação do lucro tributável em IRC, porque não se verifica o requisito de indispensabilidade exigido pelo nº 1 do artigo 23º do respectivo Código;

3. Idêntico tratamento deve ser adoptado na determinação dos rendimentos empresariais e profissionais dos sujeitos passivos do IRS, por força da remissão prevista no artigo 32º do CIRS.

(...)

CIRCULAR 14/2008 - DGCI

OECD Council approved the contents of the 2008 Update to the OECD Model Tax Convention

On 17 July 2008, the OECD Council approved the contents of the 2008 Update to the OECD Model Tax Convention. The update had previously been released as a public discussion draft in April 2008. It was subsequently finalised and approved by the Committee on Fiscal Affairs on 25 June, when the Committee also approved a detailed response to the comments that had been sent on the discussion draft.

(...)

2008 Update to the OECD Model Tax Convention

As Novas Competências Fiscais na Madeira

O processo de transferência de atribuições e competências tributárias para a Região Autónoma da Madeira, nos termos do respectivo estatuto político-administrativo, teve início com a publicação do Decreto-Lei n.º 18/2005, de 18 de Janeiro. Este normativo visou transferir para os órgãos próprios da Região Autónoma da Madeira todos os actos necessários à administração e gestão das competências fiscais constitucional e legalmente previstas, no que respeita às receitas próprias daquela região, possibilitando o controlo regional das diversas actividades fiscais e o cumprimento cabal dos preceitos constitucionais e estatutários sobre a titularidade das respectivas receitas fiscais.

(...)

RETIRADO DA ÚLTIMA NEWSLETTER DO DEPARTAMENTO FISCAL DA PLMJ

Luxembourg: Administrative Appeals Court Allows Participation Exemption on Call Options

In a decision dated 26 June 2008, the Luxembourg Administrative Appeals Court (the highest level court in Luxembourg) held that a share purchase option holder was entitled to benefit from the participation exemption on dividends received from an offshore entity.(...)

Intermezzo

VAT: the Commission asks Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Austria for information concerning the application of exemptions

The European Commission has decided to send requests for information in the form of letters of formal notice to several Member States about their legislation regarding the application of certain exemptions under the VAT Directive. The Member States involved are asked to reply within two months to the letters of formal notice, which are the first step of the infringement procedure laid down in Article 226 of the EC Treaty.
Under the VAT Directive (Article 132), certain activities which are in the public interest are VAT exempt. That provision does not, however, provide exemption from VAT for every activity performed in the public interest, but only for those which are listed and described in great detail in it.
In its settled case-law, the Court of Justice has underlined that all exemptions have to be interpreted restrictively, since they are exceptions to the general rule which requires that VAT be levied on any economic activity. Furthermore, exemptions applied by one Member State with no basis in the VAT Directive could lead to distortions of competition and would make it impossible to ensure that Member States contribute on an equal basis to the Community's own resources.
Denmark
Denmark exempts all supplies carried out by charitable or otherwise non-profit-making associations and the like in connection with their running business. The Commission considers that such a generalized exemption goes beyond what is allowed under Article 132 of the VAT Directive, which contains a detailed restrictive description of the exempt activities and in some cases also conditions the exemption to the status of the person who is to carry them out.
Denmark also applies a general exemption for goods supplied by second-hand shops, if the surplus is used entirely for charitable purposes or otherwise for purposes of public interest, provided that the shop only sells second-hand goods which it has received free of consideration and that the shop only employs voluntary unpaid staff. None of the exemptions in Article 132 cover such supplies.
Austria
The Commission considers that Austria should broaden the scope of its VAT exemption rules so as to encompass certain supplies by certain non-profit organisations to their members as well as the above-mentioned supplies in connection with certain fund-raising events.
Moreover, an exemption under the VAT Directive for supplies of services by independent groups of persons has generally not been implemented, but only with regard to certain professional activities. Furthermore, the Austrian implementation of the exemption under the VAT Directive for supplies of certain services closely linked to sport or physical education by non-profit-making organisations to persons taking part in sport or physical education is too wide, since it is valid without restrictions for all transactions by associations of public interest whose aim is to exercise or to promote sports.
Finally, the VAT Directive contains an exemption for supplies of certain cultural services, and the supply of goods closely linked thereto. However, Austria appears to exempt all the running business of theatres, museums, zoos, natural preserves and botanical gardens, which goes beyond what is allowed under the VAT Directive.
Sweden and Finland
Under the VAT Directive, any economic activity carried out by a VAT taxable person must be subject to VAT, except where an exemption is explicitly allowed. However, under Swedish VAT law, the definition of "economic activity" does not refer to the criteria under the VAT Directive, but is directly linked to the definition and criteria of economic activity under national income tax law. These criteria are irrelevant and potentially misleading from the point of view of VAT. The Commission considers this to be an infringement of the VAT Directive.
More specifically, as a consequence of the divergence in the definition of economic activity, there is discrimination between non-profit making organisations. The Commission however underlines that the activities carried out by non-profit making associations and religious congregations would in most cases be exempt under Article 132 of the VAT Directive. Shouldn't this be the case, Sweden could also opt to implement a special scheme for small enterprises, which is allowed under the VAT Directive. Entities under this scheme would not be obliged to apply VAT on their supplies of goods or services.
A similar situation arises in Finland, where, under the national Income Tax Act, only those entities of public interest that are liable for income tax for commercial activities are considered taxable persons for VAT purposes. Other entities of public interest are excluded from VAT. Moreover, several of the exemptions listed in Article 132.1 of the VAT Directive have not been implemented into Finnish legislation.
The Commission's reference numbers are 2007/2311 and 2008/2002 (Sweden), 2007/2312 (Denmark), 2007/2371 (Finland) and 2007/2453 (Austria).

EBF - alteração e republicação do Estatuto dos Benefícios Fiscais

Foi publicado no Diário da República nº 122, Série I de 26-06-2008 o Decreto-Lei nº 108/2008, que no uso da autorização legislativa concedida pelo artigo 91º da Lei n.º 67-A/2007, de 31 de Dezembro, altera e republica o Estatuto dos Benefícios Fiscais, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 215/89, de 1 de Julho.

IVA - Alteração da Taxa Normal

Oficio Circulado Nº 30 104 de 27 de Junho de 2008

Revista de Finanças Públicas e Direito Fiscal - nº 2

Revista de Finanças Públicas e Direito Fiscal

Ano I - Número 2 - Verão Vários

Editora: Almedina

Ano: 2008

ARTIGOS

Pedro Soares Martinez - A essência do fenómeno financeiro

Gary Clyde Hufbauer/Jisun Kim - International tax competition: tree big issues

António Martins - Uma nota sobre o conceito de fonte produtora constante do artigo 23.° do CIRC: sua relação com partes de capital e prestações acessórias

Carlos Loureiro/António Beja Neves - Breve comentário ao recente regime de combate ao planeamento fiscal abusivo

Cláudia Dias Soares - A articulação de instrumentos fiscais com o Sistema Europeu de Comércio de Licenças de Emissão

António Beja Neves/Afonso Arnaldo - O sector imobiliário e o IVA -perspectivas de uma relação conturbada

Alexandra Martins - Grupos de IVA

Manuel Teixeira Fernandes - A reforma da tributação do automóvel

Rita Calçada Pires - Notas de reflexão: acordos para evitar e para eliminar a dupla tributação no direito internacional fiscal do século XXI

Rita de La Feria - Evolução do conceito de abuso do direito no âmbito do direito fiscal comunitário

Romania to cut taxation of outbound dividends to 10% from Jan 2009

EU newcomer Romania will cut its dividend tax rate for non-resident companies to 10% from next year to make it equal to the tax levied on resident companies as required by EU regulations, the government said.
Domestic dividends on holdings of up to 15% of the shares are subject to a final withholding tax of 10%. However, on similar outbound dividends, Romania, which joined the EU in January 2007, levies a withholding tax of 16%.
The government on Tuesday decided to correct the country's fiscal code by lowering the dividend tax paid by for non-resident corporate investors to 10% as of January 2009, the cabinet said in a statement issued later the same day.
Last month, the European Commission sent letters of formal notice, the first step of an infringement procedure, to Bulgaria and Romania regarding the taxation rules for corporate dividends.
The letter of formal notice to Romania concerned the taxation of dividends which are paid to companies resident elsewhere in the EU or in the European Economic Area (EEA)/the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries.

Commission requests Portugal to end discriminatory taxation of non-resident taxpayers

The European Commission has formally requested Portugal to change its tax provisions according to which non-resident taxpayers have to appoint a fiscal representative if they obtain taxable income in Portugal. The Commission considers the provision incompatible with the free movement of persons and the free movement of capital as guaranteed by Articles 18 and 56 of the EC Treaty and Articles 36 and 40 of the EEA Agreement.

The request takes the form of a reasoned opinion (second step of the infringement procedure provided for in Article 226 of the EC Treaty). If there is no satisfactory reaction to the reasoned opinion within two months, the Commission may decide to refer the matter to the European Court of Justice.

Under Portuguese Law, non-resident taxpayers who obtain taxable income in Portugal have to appoint a fiscal representative in order to represent them before the Portuguese tax authorities and to guarantee the fulfilment of their fiscal duties. The Commission understands that the aim of this requirement is to guarantee payment of taxes and prevent tax evasion. These are recognised requirements of public interest. However, the Commission is of the opinion that a general obligation imposed on non-residents to appoint a fiscal representative goes beyond what is necessary to ensure these objectives and thus impedes the free movement of persons and the free movement of capital as laid down in Articles 18 and 56 of the EC Treaty and in the EEA-Agreement.
The Commission's opinion is based on the EC Treaty as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Communities in its judgment of 7 September 2006 in case C-470/04, N,.
The Commission's case reference number is 2006/5036.

Portaria n.º 497/2008, D.R. n.º 120, Série I de 2008-06-24

Portaria n.º 497/2008, D.R. n.º 120, Série I de 2008-06-24
Ministério das Finanças e da Administração Pública

Regulamenta as condições delimitadoras do conceito de amostras e de ofertas de pequeno valor e define os procedimentos e obrigações contabilísticas a cumprir pelos sujeitos passivos do imposto, para efeitos de aplicação do disposto no n.º 7 do artigo 3.º do Código do Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado.

Belgium - Implementation of the Tax Merger Directive is in sight

Belgium is about to implement the Tax Merger Directive. As a result, Belgian parent companies will be able to absorb their EU-subsidiaries on a tax neutral basis, and EU-parent companies will be able to absorb their Belgian subsidiaries.

The scope of this law is not limited to just cross-border transactions. Belgium has also (rightly) opted to treat national mergers in the same manner as cross-border transactions, so as to improve the tax regime for national mergers. Currently, a merger between a Belgian parent company and a Belgian subsidiary may not happen in a fully tax neutral manner (eg if the absorbed subsidiary has "exempt reserves", these often get taxed; the cancellation of the shares at the level of the absorbing parent company gives rise to a participation exemption of only 95 per cent). Under the new regulations, which will apply in most cases to operations as from 1 January 2007, the taxation of these "exempt reserves" can be avoided and the participation exemption can be increased to 100 per cent.

Therefore, parent-subsidiary mergers implemented as of 2007 will be able to benefit from the more advantageous regime introduced by the new regulation.

The tax neutrality regime currently only applies if the operation corresponds to "legitimate financial or economic needs", a condition which the tax authorities have interpreted strictly. Currently, not only may the operation not be tax driven, but the non-tax reasons must be "legitimate" (and eg may not infringe creditor rights). These non-tax reasons must apply at the level of the company claiming the tax neutrality regime (and therefore not only at the level of the absorbed company or at the level of the absorbing company).

This anti-abuse provision has now been modified, with retroactive effect, to conform with the Tax Merger Directive. From now on, the operation may not have as its principal objective or as one of its principal objectives tax evasion or tax avoidance. If the operation is not done for "valid commercial reasons", there is a rebuttable presumption that the operation has as its principal objective or as one of its principal objective tax evasion or tax avoidance.

In our view, the new regulation will require a change in the existing practice of the tax authorities. Under the new regulation, we believe that the tax neutrality will need to be accepted each time the main goal of an operation is not of a tax nature, regardless of the nature of these non-tax reasons.

This new regulation does not mean that the so-called "post-acquisition merger" can happen in a tax neutral manner. The Ruling Commission has very recently, after consideration, decided to maintain its previous position, according to which a takeover of a Belgian company by a leveraged holding company cannot happen in a tax neutral manner. Such a merger reduces the corporate tax liability as the interest expenses incurred by the holding company are set-off against the operational profits of the absorbed g company. The new formulation of the anti-abuse provision will probably not influence the Ruling Commission's point of view.

Likewise, the transfer of the professional losses regime has been reconsidered (including the "recapture" regime relating to losses deducted in Belgium and in other jurisdiction).

Also, an express tax regulation is being introduced to deal with the tax consequences of a transfer of a registered office to Belgium, not only for transfers of a seat of an SE (governed by the Tax Merger Directive), but also for the transfer of the seat of any foreign company. If the company is established in a tax haven outside of the EU, there will be a disadvantageous tax regime.

Undertakers who wish to transfer shares to a holding company, or who have done so in the past, will be relieved that the earlier propositions (that the contribution of shares would not give rise to "paid-up capital", so that subsequent capital reductions would be taxable) were abandoned. However, the tax authorities have taken the opportunity to overturn the case law of the Supreme Court. Under this case law, the taxation as "miscellaneous income" of capital gains on shares which did not fall within the normal management of assets was limited to the "abnormal" part of the capital gain. Capital gains on shares which do not fall within the normal management of assets are now expressly considered taxable, but a rollover (deferred taxation) is available in case of an "exchange of shares".(...)

Na Corda Bamba

"Os analistas internacionais são unânimes em considerar que estamos a passar por um Terceiro Choque Petrolífero. O clima económico degrada-se de dia para dia, conforme os indicadores assim o vão revelando. A indignação dos sectores económicos que vão desde os transportes, às indústrias e mais recentemente ao sector pesqueiro estão já a conduzir à paralisação dos mesmos.

Contudo, os lucros das três principais gasolineiras continuam a atingir níveis astronómicos, ao contrário da receita fiscal (com especial incidência do IVA) que tem decrescido significativamente após a diminuição da procura de combustíveis.

No entanto, o estado de Portugal é muito mais grave do que os políticos em geral deixam transparecer. Por exemplo, no combate ao ‘deficit’.

Há sinais de que o crescimento da receita fiscal em termos gerais começa a desacelerar ou mesmo a diminuir, comprovando mais uma vez a validade da teoria económica da Curva de Laffer. Esta curva explica que num determinado país, num determinado momento, há uma capacidade ou disponibilidade máxima de impostos que os contribuintes conseguem/aceitam pagar, voluntária ou mesmo coercivamente. Se tivermos em atenção alguns dos últimos acontecimentos no nosso país podemos concluir que o estado de alerta há muito passou a linha vermelha. É que o recente anúncio de reduzir o IVA em 1%, além de desequilibrar as já frágeis contas públicas, pode ter um efeito nulo no poder de compra das pessoas, desvirtuando por completo a boa intenção da iniciativa. É preciso mais coragem para enfrentar os feudos instalados. Um ténue sinal disso tem sido o rumor que paira sobre a Comissão dos Estudos Fiscais, a qual se encontra sob a tutela da Secretaria de Estado dos Assuntos Fiscais. A mesma encontra-se neste momento a estudar a hipótese de introdução da figura dos fundos fiduciários (mais conhecidos por ‘trusts’), o que já levantou o coro de protestos habituais, esgrimindo os tradicionais argumentos de que tais figuras desvirtuam o propósito quixotiano do Governo na luta contra a fraude e evasão fiscais.

Por outro lado, no nosso país, a profunda e verdadeira reforma da Administração Pública tarda em tornar-se uma realidade, não passando de projectos de intenções. Note-se que em cerca de duas décadas o peso do Estado na economia cresceu de 30% para quase 50% do PIB.

É pois preciso reestruturar profundamente todos os sectores da vida económica e social portuguesa, nomeadamente e em especial o sector público. O actual Governo tem demonstrado coragem para efectuar algumas reformas estruturais, nomeadamente na luta contra a burocracia. Todavia, a arma central para o combate à estagnação económica tem necessariamente de passar por uma efectiva e equilibrada redução da despesa pública.

A situação é tão complicada que apesar do elevadíssimo endividamento das famílias, o Governo não toma medidas para travar esse endividamento para evitar o decréscimo das receitas fiscais (os impostos como o IVA, produtos petrolíferos, automóveis etc. representam o grosso da receita fiscal em Portugal). Contudo, com um nível de endividamento das famílias a 130% e a crescer 10% ao ano, o consumo começará inevitavelmente a decrescer a breve prazo (sem contar com o novo ciclo de aumento de juros na União Europeia, que por si aumenta o endividamento sem qualquer acto de consumo).

A proposta apresentada pelo presidente francês Sarkozy de congelar o preço dos combustíveis, mesmo que não encontre eco na Europa, consiste no primeiro sinal de alerta de que a crise que se avizinha é mundial e atingirá tudo e todos. Para combater esta cruzada que se aproxima, ou pelo menos tentar minorar os seus efeitos, é preciso imaginação e espírito empreendedor. O nosso país pode aproveitar para criar instrumentos fiscais que verdadeiramente atraiam investidores e fortunas estrangeiras.

O estudo da viabilidade de implementação dos ‘trusts’ é um primeiro passo, se for efectivamente concretizado. Estamos na corda bamba, resta apenas saber para que lado vamos pender."(...)

Artigo publicado no DE de hoje pelo Colega Tiago Caiado Guerreiro

Oposição à Execução - Despacho de Reversão

I - É a oposição à execução fiscal e não o processo de impugnação judicial ou a reclamação prevista no artº 276º do CPPT o meio processual adequado para o revertido impugnar contenciosamente o despacho que ordena a reversão, com fundamento no não exercício da gerência de facto ou de direito da sociedade originária devedora e na inexistência de culpa na insuficiência do património, fundamento este que se enquadra na al. a) do nº 1 do artº 204º do CPPT.

II - Tendo o contribuinte utilizado o processo de impugnação, só é possível a convolação se a petição inicial tiver sido apresentada no prazo da oposição.

(...)

Ac. do STA de 04.06.2008

Globalisation demands reform of UK corporation tax

Corporation tax should be reformed or replaced by a higher VAT rate (offset by lower National Insurance contributions) to reduce disincentives to invest in the UK, according to two studies commissioned by the Mirrlees Review of the British tax system, which is being chaired by Nobel prize-winner Professor Sir James Mirrlees for the Institute for Fiscal Studies.
The studies both argue that globalisation and the growth of the financial sector require a new approach to the taxation of profits in a small open economy. Unlike most EU governments, the UK currently taxes dividends received by UK-resident firms from their foreign subsidiaries as well as profits earned in this country. This creates a disincentive to locate headquarters in the UK.(...)

Reembolso IVA - Alteração ao Despacho Normativo n.º 53/2005

A aplicação da regra de inversão do sujeito passivo a certos sectores de actividade, ainda que justificada numa maior eficácia no combate à fraude e evasão fiscais, não deve, todavia, criar constrangimentos financeiros desnecessários, pelo que, por uma questão de equidade, os sujeitos passivos cujas operações estejam em mais de 75 % abrangidas pela regra de inversão devem beneficiar de um prazo de reembolso de 30 dias, à semelhança do que já sucede com sujeitos passivos de outros sectores de actividade cujas operações sejam maioritariamente isentas ou não sujeitas com direito a dedução.

Assim, nos termos do n.º 9 do artigo 22.º do Código do Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 394-B/84, de 26 de Dezembro, determina-se o seguinte:

1 - É alterado o n.º 5 do Despacho Normativo n.º 53/2005, de 15 de Dezembro, que passa a ter a seguinte redacção:
«5 - O IVA cujo reembolso, de valor superior a (euro) 10 000, for solicitado por sujeitos passivos que efectuem operações isentas ou não sujeitas que conferem o direito a dedução, ou relativamente às quais a obrigação de liquidação do imposto seja da responsabilidade do adquirente e que representem, pelo menos, 75 % do valor total das transmissões de bens e prestações de serviços do respectivo período, e que não seja o primeiro reembolso, será restituído no prazo de 30 dias a contar da data da recepção do respectivo pedido.»

(...)

Desp. Normativo 31-A/2008 - 12/06

State aid: Commission requests information about preferential tax regimes for retail distribution and banking cooperatives in Italy

The European Commission has asked Italy under EC Treaty state aid rules for information regarding preferential tax regimes for cooperatives operating in the retail, distribution and banking sectors in Italy. The Commission started reviewing the measures after receiving several complaints. The current investigation is designed to ensure that the measures are in line with the state aid rules in the future, as it appears that the measures existed before the EC Treaty entered into force and could therefore qualify as existing aid. In its analysis, the Commission is carefully balancing the equity and efficiency objectives pursued by the cooperative model against any possible distortions of competition that might derive from such measures. The Commission finds at this preliminary stage that the tax measures may not constitute state aid under some conditions and that if they do, that they are mostly compatible. For the measures concerning large cooperatives that might not be in line with EU state aid rules, Italy has the opportunity to comment on the Commission's analysis before any conclusions are reached. The initiation of the review process does not prejudge its outcome.(...)

TAX TREATIES AND HUMAN/CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: BRIDGING THE GAP?

From the constitutional law standpoint, tax sovereignty does not imply unlimited tax power. Despite the leeway left to State authorities in the design of tax policies, Constitutions fix the framework within the limits of which tax power can be exercised.
These constitutional constraints cannot be ignored in the case of tax treaty-making power.

TAX TREATIES AND HUMAN/CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: BRIDGING THE GAP?
by Theodore Georgopoulos

Conferência Internacional - Portugal/UE e os EUA

Conferência Internacional

Portugal /União Europeia e os EUA – Novas Perspectivas Económicas num Contexto de Globalização
23 a 27 de Junho
Auditório da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa

PROGRAMA

Código de IVA - Dec. n.º 102/2008, de 20/06

No uso da autorização legislativa concedida pelo artigo 91.º da Lei n.º 67-A/2007, de 31 de Dezembro, altera e republica o Código do Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 394-B/84, de 26 de Dezembro, e o Regime do IVA nas Transacções Intracomunitárias, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 290/92, de 28 de Dezembro.

O Código do IVA tem sido, por diversas vezes, objecto de alterações substanciais ao longo dos mais de 20 anos da sua vigência, consubstanciadas em mais de 60 leis e decretos-leis.
Este acervo legislativo teve as mais variadas proveniências, o que originou, desde logo, que a redacção dos preceitos fosse perdendo identidade, fruto das evoluções linguísticas.
Acresce que ao longo dos tempos se foram introduzindo alterações a nível orgânico, quer da estrutura do governo quer da própria administração tributária, bem como novas práticas e procedimentos administrativos, nem sempre devidamente reflectidos no corpo da lei.
Embora em menor escala, também o regime do IVA nas transacções comunitárias tem sofrido ajustamentos, o que requer igual atenção no que concerne à revisão e adaptação dos respectivos preceitos.(...)

The Belgian Notional Interest Deduction

The notional interest deduction entitles Belgian companies and establishments to annually calculate a fictitious interest expense on their aggregate equity amount, thus reducing their taxable basis. Combined with the abolishment of the 0.5% capital tax, this tax feature will not only encourage Belgian taxpayers to strengthen their working capital, it will also reinforce the attractiveness of Belgium as a location for treasury and finance centres, capital-intensive companies (such as the Belgian Coordination Centres, whose specific tax regime will shortly expire) and headquarters. (...)

Controlled Foreign Companies and Foreign Profits

Controlled Foreign Companies and Foreign Profits

‘‘There are two sorts of wealth-getting, as I have said. . .. The most hated sort, and with the greatest reason, is usury, which makes a gain out of money itself, and not from the natural object of it. For money was intended to be used in exchange, but not to increase at interest. And this term interest, which means the birth of money from money, is applied to the breeding of money because the offspring resembles the parent. Wherefore of the modes of getting wealth this is the most unnatural.’’

DAVID TAYLOR AND LAURENT SYKES*

Canada: Two changes to the treatment of foreign exchange gains and losses

Recent additions to the Canadian Income Tax Act require, with retroactive effect, that Canadian tax results be determined using Canadian currency. Recent case law had called this proposition into question. The changes also require the conversion of any amount expressed in foreign currency that is relevant in computing Canadian tax results into domestic currency using the relevant rate of exchange quoted by the Bank of Canada at noon on the day on which the amount first arose, or such other rate of exchange as is acceptable to the minister of national revenue. The provision is retroactive and, absent ministerial discretion, rigid in the required method of conversion.
On March 7 2008, the minister of finance also announced proposed amendments to the Income Tax Act that would extend the treatment of accrued capital gains and losses on assets of a corporation upon an acquisition of control to accrued capital gains and losses on foreign currency debt obligations due to foreign currency fluctuations. As proposed, the new rules will apply only to debt and not to other liabilities such as swaps or other derivatives.
It appears that the proposed amendments will result in:
the required realisation of any inherent foreign exchange losses on debt on an acquisition of control, the ability to elect to realise accrued foreign exchange gains on debt on an acquisition of control, and the ability to utilise such losses to step up the basis of capital property and shelter realised foreign exchange gains on debt.
As proposed, the new rules apply to acquisitions of control after March 7 2008 subject to limited grandfathering rules and corporations can elect to have the proposed rules apply to acquisitions of control after 2005.

Conferência - APF - Caso Hollmann

A Conferência mensal das 5ªs feiras analisa um caso controverso do vasto mundo da fiscalidade. Convidámos para apresentar este tema o Senhor Dr. Manuel Anselmo Torres, Advogado, Sócio Fundador da Galhardo Vilão Torres, Sociedade de Advogados.

“O CASO HOLLMANN NO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS: HISTÓRIA DE UM REENVIO PREJUDICIAL PORTUGUÊS”

DATA: 26 de Junho de 2008
HORA: 18 Horas
LOCAL: Salão Nobre da Associação Comercial de Lisboa – Rua das Portas de Santo Antão, nº 89

Tax Avoidance Schemes Regulations 2008

May 2008 - This document summarises the responses received by the Government to its November 2007 consultation document 'The Tax Avoidance Disclosure Regime: Improving the Scheme Reference Number System.

Our Public Notices are also available in large print, Braille or audio cassette, please contact our National Advice Service for further details.

This document is available in the following formats
Summary of Responses: Tax Avoidance Schemes Regulations 2008 (Acrobat PDF, 460KB)

Summer Course - Principles of International and Comparative Taxation

Summer Course - Principles of International and Comparative Taxation

The basic concepts and principles of international tax law from a truly international perspective. The IBFD Summer Course examines the main issues of international tax law. Topics covered are Tax Treaties, Permanent Establishments, European VAT, EC Tax Law, Transfer Pricing and Business Structures and Planning.

18 - 29 August 2008 Introductory

Location: Amsterdam Further information

Level: Introductory

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Promoting Genuine Fiscal Competition should be EU aim

Corporate tax is back on the European agenda. France intends to use its presidency of the European Union later this year to pursue plans for a single, voluntary, corporation tax base for multinational companies.
The purpose of the common consolidated corporate tax base is that a company operating in several countries could choose to agree on one taxable profit total for the whole group. Tax revenues would then be charged and distributed among the countries where it operated, on the basis of a formula that took into account where the economic activity occurred and the domestic tax rate in each country.
This approach has some merits. A multinational which opted into the scheme would reduce its compliance burden, since it would be following just one set of tax rules. The regime would also allow losses in one part of a group to be offset against gains elsewhere.
More importantly, it could encourage genuine tax competition. If a company relocates its operations to a lower-tax economy, the government which has provided that environment should benefit. This is a different matter from allowing countries to divert tax revenues from profits generated in other countries. By declaring the profits of groups as a whole, the common tax base would prevent companies declaring their profits in low-tax jurisdictions even if they were earned elsewhere.
There are two main problems with the proposals. First, a voluntary scheme is not a very effective weapon to deal with the practice of exporting profits to low-tax jurisdictions. Yet compulsion would prevent countries from being able to compete as they should on the size and shape of the tax base.
Second, reaching agreement on a tax code and the basis of splitting revenues between countries would be very difficult and time-consuming, since the interests of EU countries differ so widely. Efforts to achieve accord might well be at the expense of more realistic fiscal improvements.
The goal for European fiscal policymakers should be a regime that enhances genuine competition among economies. It should allow countries to use tax as a basis for promoting themselves as places to do business. It should also aim to deter distortion of that competition by making it harder for multinational companies to seek their own advantage by breaking the link between where their activities generate profit and where those profits are taxed. Any moves France can make in that direction during its presidency will be welcome.

The Financial Times Limited

Public comments on draft contents of the 2008 Update to the Model Tax Convention

Public comments on draft contents of the 2008 Update to the Model Tax Convention
09-Jun-2008
On 21 April 2008, the OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs published the draft contents of the 2008 Update to the Model Tax Convention. The OECD has now published the comments received on that draft.

Ética, Imposto e Crime - Germano Marques da Silva

Lembro as recomendações do saudoso Professor António Sousa Franco, então Ministro das Finanças, aquando da elaboração do projecto do Regime Geral das Infracções Tributárias e face ao desenhar de um conflito de competências entre a Administração fiscal e o Ministério Público: não é necessário e é perigosa a atribuição de competências excepcionais à administração tributária, porque nem os meios do processo comum são insuficientes para um combate eficaz, nem a natureza e gravidade das infracções justifica a subversão do sistema de investigação criminal; os meios de excepção embotam a inteligência dos agentes. Sábias palavras que me não canso de repetir.
Em memória do Professor António Luciano de Sousa Franco, a Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Católica acaba de aprovar a criação de uma disciplina curricular (Direito Penal Tributário) em ordem ao desenvolvimento da investigação nesta área, concretizando um antigo projecto daquele que foi seu Director e um dos seus mais distintos professores.(...)

Advocate General considers Hungarian company law restricting the transfer of operational headquarter to another Member State incompatible with EC law

Advocate General considers Hungarian company law restricting the transfer of operational headquarter to another Member State incompatible with EC law (Cartesio)

On 22 May 2008, Advocate General Maduro gave his Opinion in the Cartesio case (C-201/06). The Advocate General concluded that Hungarian company law violated the freedom of establishment guaranteed under Article 43 EC as it completely precluded the transfer of the operational headquarter of a Hungarian company to another Member States, without any grounds of justification.
Cartesio is a limited partnership constituted in accordance with Hungarian law and registered in Hungary. In November 2005, Cartesio asked the commercial court to record in the commercial register the transfer of its operational headquarters from Hungary to Italy, but wished to remain subject to Hungarian company law. The commercial court refused to conform to this request on the basis that such transfer was not allowed under Hungarian law. It stated that, in order to change its operational headquarters, Cartesio would first have to be dissolved in Hungary and then reconstituted under Italian law. Cartesio lodged appeal against the decision of the commercial court before the Court of Appeal of Szeged, which in turn, asked the ECJ whether the Hungarian legislation at issue was compatible with the freedom of establishment, in addition to several questions concerning Article 234 EC.(...)

How to Cut your Tax Bill

There are many ways in which you as an individual could trim your tax bill.
Usually, the steps you need to take are straightforward merely involve claiming what you are entitled to.

Income Tax
Everyone is entitled to a personal allowance - the amount you can earn before tax is due - from the day they are born. In the 2007/2008 tax year, this stands at £5,225.
Many people who have a partner, are married, or have children generally fail to optimise their use of personal allowances or lower tax rates.
If you have a partner or are married, it makes sense from a tax point of view to ensure that the individual who pays tax at the lower rate (22%), or does not work at all, holds the savings in their name.(...)

Norway: Statements from the Norwegian tax authorities regarding foreign investments funds

In March 2008, the Norwegian directorate of taxes issued three interpretative statements regarding the applicability of the Norwegian tax exemption method (TEM) on foreign investments funds. According to the Norwegian directorate of taxes, Danish, Irish and German investment funds are not covered by the TEM due to the funds not being liable to general corporate income tax in their respective countries of residence. Norwegian investment funds are specifically covered by the TEM. Foreign investment funds will in principle be covered by the TEM provided they are comparable to Norwegian entities qualifying for the TEM.(...)

Germany:Preliminary Draft of Tax Reform Plans for 2009 Published

Germany’s draft Annual Tax Act 2009 includes a number of proposals that will affect German inbound investments. The draft Annual Tax Act 2009 has not yet been formally endorsed by the government, although this is expected shortly. Once formally endorsed, the proposed law will have to be approved by the Upper and the Lower House and ultimately signed by the president. Potentially affected taxpayers should closely monitor the legislative developments to determine whether any action will be required. If enacted, most of the changes would become effective as from FY 2009.(...)

Lei n.º 25/2008, D.R. n.º 108, Série I de 2008-06-05

Lei n.º 25/2008, D.R. n.º 108, Série I de 2008-06-05

Assembleia da RepúblicaEstabelece medidas de natureza preventiva e repressiva de combate ao branqueamento de vantagens de proveniência ilícita e ao financiamento do terrorismo, transpondo para a ordem jurídica interna as Directivas n.os 2005/60/CE, do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 26 de Outubro, e 2006/70/CE, da Comissão, de 1 de Agosto, relativas à prevenção da utilização do sistema financeiro e das actividades e profissões especialmente designadas para efeitos de branqueamento de capitais e de financiamento do terrorismo, procede à segunda alteração à Lei n.º 52/2003, de 22 de Agosto, e revoga a Lei n.º 11/2004, de 27 de Março .

Guia Fiscal 2008 - KPMG

2008 Portuguese Tax Guide

KPMG's Tax Guide was developed by KPMG in Potugal and provides an overview of the major Portuguese taxes in force for the 2008 tax year.